d. An offer to buy the magazine
e. An offer to make articles
41. "put it in my room."
the word it refers to.....
a. Spelling
b. Article
c grammar
d. Magazine
e. This week
ONLY 35 MINUTES FROM BALI,ROOM RATES FROM US$72,00 PER NIGHT ,GREEN FIELD FROM US$30,00
SUNNY GOLF & COUNTRY CLUB
jln.Raya Jawa-Bali,Surabaya 12345
East Java,Indonesi
Telepon (031)654278
email : reservation@sunnygolf.com
26. The advertisement promotes......
a. A golf resort
b. A new hotel
c. A beautiful country side
d. The beauty of Bali
e. The beauty of naturd
44. The cheapest room is,...... Per nighu
a. US$ 30,00
b. US$ 52,00
c. US$ 72,00
d. US$ 53,00
e. US$ 33,00
44. Reservation@sunnygolf.com
the reservation word is closed in meaning to.......
a. Pieces of land
b. Possesing
c. Booking
d. Resort
e. Club
The Hen with the Silver Eggs
one day,in an arabian city, a woman went to the market and bought a beautiful hen.
A few days later to her surprice the hen she bought laid a silver egg. If the hen could only be persuaded to lay more than one egg each day,the woman was sure she would never have to work again.
So the woman decided make the hen eat more, so that it could lay more eggs. But the only result was that the hen died of indigestion and did not lay more eggs at all.
45. Paragraph 3 mostly discuse about.....
a. The hen is eggs
b. What the woman did to her hen
c. Wbat the hen did for the woman
d. What the hen eats to lay more eggs
e. Why the woman wanted to get more eggs
46. The hen died because it .......
a. Ate nothing
b. Ate too much
c. Laid more eggs
d. Was badly injured
e. Was forced to lay eggs
47. From the next we may conclude that the woman was.......
a. Active
b. Misery
c. Greedy
d. Furious
e. Dangerous
35. The data book said the threat extinction was due to the growin....
The word threat means......
a. Notice
b. Warning
c. Danger
d. Statement
e. Announcement
50. In rural areas,agriculture is ......
The opposite of the rural areas word is.....
a. City
b. Town
c. Village
d. Country
e. Urban
kunci B B C C D B C A B C
Minggu, 23 Januari 2011
Tugas b inggris
45. According to the text,there is.......in the paqk.
a. A man made pool
b. An artificial pool
c. A natural pool
d. A hot spring
e. An international pool
32. Where can visitors see the unique feature of the glow worms?
a. Near waterfall casbade
b. In the picnic areas
c. Acroos the valley
d. In the cave
e. At numinbah valley
33. The following statements are not true,except.......
a. The location of national park is not so far from bribane
b. Natural bridge national park can be reached through many ways
c. There is a waterfall not so far from the south of brisbane
d. Picnic areas can accommodate thousands of visitors
e. Visitors are not allowed to camp in the picnic areas overnight
34. "Swimming is PERMITTED in the rock pole."
the antonym of the underlined word is.......
a. Allowed
b. Prohibited
c. Admitted
d. Welcome
e. Rejected
To improve comfort an cleanliness at our school,number of dusbins should be increased. When we look at classrooms,school corridors and school yard,there are papers,mineral water cups,straws and napkins here and there. The condition of uncleanliness and discomfort really hinders learning and teaching enviroment. Litters thrown carelessly cause disease,especially empty plastic cups or glasses. They can be filled out with water coming from the rain. This can be places for dengue mosquitoes to spread out. Besides, this rubbish can deteriorate the scene. Well painted wall and green school yard do not mean anything if litters are scattered everywhere.
35. It can be inferred from the text that the writter suggest.....
a. To buy more dustbins
b. To hire more gardeners
c. To use dustbins effcienty
d. To ask parets to give more dustbins
e. To ask students to clean the school yard
36. According to the writter,more dustbins......in every ten meters.
a. Should be decorated
b. Siould be painted
c. Should be placed
d. Are unnessary
e. Are not required
37. The communicative purpose of the text above is to........something good.
a. Inform
b. Explain
c. Describe
d. Entertain
e. Persuade
38. "....,especially empty plastic cups of glasses."The word "especially" has similar meaning with......
a. Generally
b. Usually
c. Particulary
d. Occasionally
e. Basically
39. What is the word 'disadvantage' closest in meaning to?
a. Benefit
b. Profit
c. Drawback
d. Advantage
e. Reward
Dear Mr.Beni,
Please recheck the spelling and grammar of the article for our magazine this week. Put iit in my rooms tomorrow. Thanks.
Mr.Didy
40. What is the memo about?
a. A command to do some job desks
b. A command to put magazine tomorrow
c. An invitation to Mr. Didy's room
kunci C D A B C C E C C A
a. A man made pool
b. An artificial pool
c. A natural pool
d. A hot spring
e. An international pool
32. Where can visitors see the unique feature of the glow worms?
a. Near waterfall casbade
b. In the picnic areas
c. Acroos the valley
d. In the cave
e. At numinbah valley
33. The following statements are not true,except.......
a. The location of national park is not so far from bribane
b. Natural bridge national park can be reached through many ways
c. There is a waterfall not so far from the south of brisbane
d. Picnic areas can accommodate thousands of visitors
e. Visitors are not allowed to camp in the picnic areas overnight
34. "Swimming is PERMITTED in the rock pole."
the antonym of the underlined word is.......
a. Allowed
b. Prohibited
c. Admitted
d. Welcome
e. Rejected
To improve comfort an cleanliness at our school,number of dusbins should be increased. When we look at classrooms,school corridors and school yard,there are papers,mineral water cups,straws and napkins here and there. The condition of uncleanliness and discomfort really hinders learning and teaching enviroment. Litters thrown carelessly cause disease,especially empty plastic cups or glasses. They can be filled out with water coming from the rain. This can be places for dengue mosquitoes to spread out. Besides, this rubbish can deteriorate the scene. Well painted wall and green school yard do not mean anything if litters are scattered everywhere.
35. It can be inferred from the text that the writter suggest.....
a. To buy more dustbins
b. To hire more gardeners
c. To use dustbins effcienty
d. To ask parets to give more dustbins
e. To ask students to clean the school yard
36. According to the writter,more dustbins......in every ten meters.
a. Should be decorated
b. Siould be painted
c. Should be placed
d. Are unnessary
e. Are not required
37. The communicative purpose of the text above is to........something good.
a. Inform
b. Explain
c. Describe
d. Entertain
e. Persuade
38. "....,especially empty plastic cups of glasses."The word "especially" has similar meaning with......
a. Generally
b. Usually
c. Particulary
d. Occasionally
e. Basically
39. What is the word 'disadvantage' closest in meaning to?
a. Benefit
b. Profit
c. Drawback
d. Advantage
e. Reward
Dear Mr.Beni,
Please recheck the spelling and grammar of the article for our magazine this week. Put iit in my rooms tomorrow. Thanks.
Mr.Didy
40. What is the memo about?
a. A command to do some job desks
b. A command to put magazine tomorrow
c. An invitation to Mr. Didy's room
kunci C D A B C C E C C A
Tugas b.inggris
Kunci D A C B D D E C A E
21. The speech competition will be last for.....days.
a. 12
b. 10
c. 5
d. 3
e. 2
22. The word"prize"in the text above has the closest meaning to..,,for the winner
a. Money
b. Certificate
c. Reward
d. Trophy
e. Medals
Mrs.Andrews had a young cat and it was the cat's first winter. One evening the cat was outside when it began to snow heavily. Mrs.Andrews looked for l t everywhere and shouted its name,but she did nnt find it. So,she telephoned the police and said,"l have lost a small black cat. Has anybody found one?"
"No,ma'am,"said the policeman at the other end."But, cats are very strong animals. They sometimes live for days in the snow and when it mells ore somebody find them,they are quite alright."
Mrs.Andrews felt happier when she heard that. I think you are,officer,"she said,and besides,our cat is very clever. She almost talks."
the pnliceman was getting rather tired,"Well,then,"he said,why don't your put your telephone down?Pehaps she is trying to telephone you now.
23. How did the policeman feel when the woman said that her cat almost talked??
He felt.....
a. Happy
b. Disappointed
c. Excited
d. Sad
e. Tired
24. What does the text mostly tell about?
a. The woman and her cat
b. The policeman and the cat
c. The woman and her clever losing cat
d. The policeman and losing cat
e. The description of a woman about her losing cat
33. Of the total number of human cases in Indonesia,94 have been fatal.
The underlined word means.....
a. Harmless
b. Poisonous
c. Tedious
d. Deadly
e. Extreme
have you ever got stuck in a cable car?Well, l have. Last February, l went on a ski trip to Switzerland. What a trip to remember!
The first morning,l got into a cable car and l was so excited. I wanted to go to the top of the mountain and ski down. The cable car started up and l looked down. The mountain was s6 beautiful. But suddenly,there was a terrible noise. Then the car stopped. It didn't move and it was quiet everywhere.
It started snowing and it began to get dark. I was alone for at least,two hours. I thought"They have forgotten me!"l felt so hopeless. Fortunately,at last,the car started back. It went very fast.
"Sorry," a man said when l cimbed out of the car. We've never had this problem before. Please try again tomorrow."
"He's joking,"l thought."l've had enough of cable cars for a life time."
26. What kind of experience did the writer have in the text?
a. Sad experience
b. Funny experience
c. Happy experience
d. Frightening experience
e. Exciting experience
27. "l've had enough of cable cars for a life time."
What does the writer imply from the sentence?
a. The cable car was so wonderful
b. He will ride a cable car for the rest of his life
c. He does not want to have another experience with cable cars
d. He enjoyed the experience so much
e. He will never miss the experience
28. ".....and it was QUIET everywhere."
the underlined word has the same meaning as......
a. Noisy
b. Tranquil
c. Spooky
d. Scary
e. Interesting
29. The text above is in the form of a.......
a. Report
b. Description
c. Narrative
d. Spoof
e. Recount
Natural Bqidge National Park is luscious tropical rainforest. It is located 110 km south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific High Way to Nerang and then by traveling through the Numinbah Valley. The scenic roadway lies in the shadow of Lamington National Park. The phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural arch and the cave through which a waterfall cascade in a short-on km walk below a dense rain forest canopy from the main picnic area. Swimming is permitted in the rock pool. Night time visitors to the cave will discover the unique feature of the glow worms. Picnic areas offer toilets,barbecue,shelter sheds,water and fireplaces.however, overnight camping is not permitted.
30. What is the text about?
a. Description of natural bridge national park in brief
b. Explanation of facilities offered by picnic areas in the park
c. Information on the location of natural bridge oational park
d. Unique features that can be found in lamington national park
e. Scenic roadways that can be seen on the way to the park
kunci E C C E D D C B E A
21. The speech competition will be last for.....days.
a. 12
b. 10
c. 5
d. 3
e. 2
22. The word"prize"in the text above has the closest meaning to..,,for the winner
a. Money
b. Certificate
c. Reward
d. Trophy
e. Medals
Mrs.Andrews had a young cat and it was the cat's first winter. One evening the cat was outside when it began to snow heavily. Mrs.Andrews looked for l t everywhere and shouted its name,but she did nnt find it. So,she telephoned the police and said,"l have lost a small black cat. Has anybody found one?"
"No,ma'am,"said the policeman at the other end."But, cats are very strong animals. They sometimes live for days in the snow and when it mells ore somebody find them,they are quite alright."
Mrs.Andrews felt happier when she heard that. I think you are,officer,"she said,and besides,our cat is very clever. She almost talks."
the pnliceman was getting rather tired,"Well,then,"he said,why don't your put your telephone down?Pehaps she is trying to telephone you now.
23. How did the policeman feel when the woman said that her cat almost talked??
He felt.....
a. Happy
b. Disappointed
c. Excited
d. Sad
e. Tired
24. What does the text mostly tell about?
a. The woman and her cat
b. The policeman and the cat
c. The woman and her clever losing cat
d. The policeman and losing cat
e. The description of a woman about her losing cat
33. Of the total number of human cases in Indonesia,94 have been fatal.
The underlined word means.....
a. Harmless
b. Poisonous
c. Tedious
d. Deadly
e. Extreme
have you ever got stuck in a cable car?Well, l have. Last February, l went on a ski trip to Switzerland. What a trip to remember!
The first morning,l got into a cable car and l was so excited. I wanted to go to the top of the mountain and ski down. The cable car started up and l looked down. The mountain was s6 beautiful. But suddenly,there was a terrible noise. Then the car stopped. It didn't move and it was quiet everywhere.
It started snowing and it began to get dark. I was alone for at least,two hours. I thought"They have forgotten me!"l felt so hopeless. Fortunately,at last,the car started back. It went very fast.
"Sorry," a man said when l cimbed out of the car. We've never had this problem before. Please try again tomorrow."
"He's joking,"l thought."l've had enough of cable cars for a life time."
26. What kind of experience did the writer have in the text?
a. Sad experience
b. Funny experience
c. Happy experience
d. Frightening experience
e. Exciting experience
27. "l've had enough of cable cars for a life time."
What does the writer imply from the sentence?
a. The cable car was so wonderful
b. He will ride a cable car for the rest of his life
c. He does not want to have another experience with cable cars
d. He enjoyed the experience so much
e. He will never miss the experience
28. ".....and it was QUIET everywhere."
the underlined word has the same meaning as......
a. Noisy
b. Tranquil
c. Spooky
d. Scary
e. Interesting
29. The text above is in the form of a.......
a. Report
b. Description
c. Narrative
d. Spoof
e. Recount
Natural Bqidge National Park is luscious tropical rainforest. It is located 110 km south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific High Way to Nerang and then by traveling through the Numinbah Valley. The scenic roadway lies in the shadow of Lamington National Park. The phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural arch and the cave through which a waterfall cascade in a short-on km walk below a dense rain forest canopy from the main picnic area. Swimming is permitted in the rock pool. Night time visitors to the cave will discover the unique feature of the glow worms. Picnic areas offer toilets,barbecue,shelter sheds,water and fireplaces.however, overnight camping is not permitted.
30. What is the text about?
a. Description of natural bridge national park in brief
b. Explanation of facilities offered by picnic areas in the park
c. Information on the location of natural bridge oational park
d. Unique features that can be found in lamington national park
e. Scenic roadways that can be seen on the way to the park
kunci E C C E D D C B E A
Tugas b. Inggris
Question 11-13 ard based on the following text
Driver distraction has always been a problem. Although many activities can potentially divert driver attention,the cell phones has drawn attention to the issue. The cell phone is a highly noticeable distraction in the car,which makes it any easy target for retriction. It is easy to spot a driver with a hand to the ear and know he/she is distracted by a phone call. It may not be so easy to spot the driver whose mind is elsewhere.
During the next few years,states and researchers will begin to accumulate more information about the implications of mobile phones and other devices on traffic safety. In the interim,as the quantity of phones and other wireless communications devices available on the road continues to grow,greater constituent concerns,local ordinances,and judical activity will increasingly challenge lawmakers to address driver distractions ar a traffic safety concern. It is likely that cell phones and driving will remain a significant part of their legislative agendas.
11. According to the text, what is the most distracting activity done by motorists while driving?
a. Eating while driving
b. Using cell phones while driving
c. Wiring GPS/TV while driving
d. Talking to backseat passengers while driving
e. Listening to music while driving
12. What does the word"it"(line 4) mean?
a. To use cell phones while driving
b. To spot a driver with a hand to the ear
c. To know he/she is distracted by a cell phone
d. To spot a driver with a hand to the ear and know he/she is distracted
e. To spot the driver whose mind is elsewhere
13. What is the most suitable title given for the reading passage?
a. Cell phones and traffic safety
b. Wireless communications devices continue to grow
c. Lawmakers should ban the use of cell phones
d. Challenging lawmakers to address driver distractions
e. Distractions in driving
Questions 14-17 are based on the following text
A group of frogs were trevelling through the woods,and two of them fell into a deep pit. When the other frogs saw how deep the pit was,they told the two frogs that they were as good as dead. The two frogs ignored the comments and tried to jump up out of the pit with all their might. The other frngs took heed to what the other frogs were saying and gave up. He fell down and died.
The other frogs cnntinued to jump as he could. Once again,the crowd of frogs yelled at him to stop the pain and just die. He jumped even harder and finally made it out. When he got out,the other frogs said,"Do you not hear us?"The frog explained to them that he was deaf. He though the were encouraging him the entire time.
14. What happened to the two frogs while they were travellin?
a. The two frogs could not jump higher than others
b. The two frogs skipped into a deep pit
c. The two frogs jumped into a deep pit
d. The two frogs fell into a deep pit
e. The two frogs played in a deep pit
15. What did the other frogs do when the two frogs tried to jump up out of the pit?
a. They helped the two frogs
b. They yelled at the frogs to give up
c. They ignored the two frogs
d. They asked for a help from other frogs
e. They jumped into the deep pit
16. Why did one frng stop trying and give up?
a. Because the other frogs kept telling that they were as good as dead
b. Because he was tired of jumping
c. Because he broke his leg
d. Because the pit was too deep
e. Because the other frogs kept encouraging him
17. Which is the best lesson suited to the story?
a. There is power of life and death in the tongue
b. Be careful of what you say
c. Don't judge the book from its cover
d. Early bird catches the worm
e. A great talker is a great liar
Attention
Global english club will have a speech competitions
a. Participant : all senior high school students in Palembang city
b. It will be held from 10th to 12th December 2009,at 8 o'clock to 11 am
c. Price 1: Rp 5.000.000,00
2 : Rp 4.000.000,00
3 : Rp 3.000.000,00
Please join us
Hidayat 085267237420
18. What is the announcement about?
a. School speech
b. A school competition
c. A speech competition
d. Extracurricular activities
e. Participant of the speech
19. According to the text,competition.....
a. Will invite competitors from school in Palembang
b. Will be held before shool hours
c. Is only for students with good english
d. Is in the form of spoken english
e. Invites alk student across the city
20. How much is total number of the prize?
a. Rp 8.000.000,00
b. Rp 9.000.000,00
c. Rp 3.000.000,00
d. Rp 5.000.000,00
e. Rp 12.000.000,00
Driver distraction has always been a problem. Although many activities can potentially divert driver attention,the cell phones has drawn attention to the issue. The cell phone is a highly noticeable distraction in the car,which makes it any easy target for retriction. It is easy to spot a driver with a hand to the ear and know he/she is distracted by a phone call. It may not be so easy to spot the driver whose mind is elsewhere.
During the next few years,states and researchers will begin to accumulate more information about the implications of mobile phones and other devices on traffic safety. In the interim,as the quantity of phones and other wireless communications devices available on the road continues to grow,greater constituent concerns,local ordinances,and judical activity will increasingly challenge lawmakers to address driver distractions ar a traffic safety concern. It is likely that cell phones and driving will remain a significant part of their legislative agendas.
11. According to the text, what is the most distracting activity done by motorists while driving?
a. Eating while driving
b. Using cell phones while driving
c. Wiring GPS/TV while driving
d. Talking to backseat passengers while driving
e. Listening to music while driving
12. What does the word"it"(line 4) mean?
a. To use cell phones while driving
b. To spot a driver with a hand to the ear
c. To know he/she is distracted by a cell phone
d. To spot a driver with a hand to the ear and know he/she is distracted
e. To spot the driver whose mind is elsewhere
13. What is the most suitable title given for the reading passage?
a. Cell phones and traffic safety
b. Wireless communications devices continue to grow
c. Lawmakers should ban the use of cell phones
d. Challenging lawmakers to address driver distractions
e. Distractions in driving
Questions 14-17 are based on the following text
A group of frogs were trevelling through the woods,and two of them fell into a deep pit. When the other frogs saw how deep the pit was,they told the two frogs that they were as good as dead. The two frogs ignored the comments and tried to jump up out of the pit with all their might. The other frngs took heed to what the other frogs were saying and gave up. He fell down and died.
The other frogs cnntinued to jump as he could. Once again,the crowd of frogs yelled at him to stop the pain and just die. He jumped even harder and finally made it out. When he got out,the other frogs said,"Do you not hear us?"The frog explained to them that he was deaf. He though the were encouraging him the entire time.
14. What happened to the two frogs while they were travellin?
a. The two frogs could not jump higher than others
b. The two frogs skipped into a deep pit
c. The two frogs jumped into a deep pit
d. The two frogs fell into a deep pit
e. The two frogs played in a deep pit
15. What did the other frogs do when the two frogs tried to jump up out of the pit?
a. They helped the two frogs
b. They yelled at the frogs to give up
c. They ignored the two frogs
d. They asked for a help from other frogs
e. They jumped into the deep pit
16. Why did one frng stop trying and give up?
a. Because the other frogs kept telling that they were as good as dead
b. Because he was tired of jumping
c. Because he broke his leg
d. Because the pit was too deep
e. Because the other frogs kept encouraging him
17. Which is the best lesson suited to the story?
a. There is power of life and death in the tongue
b. Be careful of what you say
c. Don't judge the book from its cover
d. Early bird catches the worm
e. A great talker is a great liar
Attention
Global english club will have a speech competitions
a. Participant : all senior high school students in Palembang city
b. It will be held from 10th to 12th December 2009,at 8 o'clock to 11 am
c. Price 1: Rp 5.000.000,00
2 : Rp 4.000.000,00
3 : Rp 3.000.000,00
Please join us
Hidayat 085267237420
18. What is the announcement about?
a. School speech
b. A school competition
c. A speech competition
d. Extracurricular activities
e. Participant of the speech
19. According to the text,competition.....
a. Will invite competitors from school in Palembang
b. Will be held before shool hours
c. Is only for students with good english
d. Is in the form of spoken english
e. Invites alk student across the city
20. How much is total number of the prize?
a. Rp 8.000.000,00
b. Rp 9.000.000,00
c. Rp 3.000.000,00
d. Rp 5.000.000,00
e. Rp 12.000.000,00
Sabtu, 22 Januari 2011
Tugas b.inggris
1. Shop assistant : Good mornig.May l help you?
Andy :yes.____.I bought this pair of shoes yesterday.L believe l have asked for size 43,but you gave me 42.
A. l want to blame you
b. l propose to exchange the shoes
c. l have a complaint to make
d. I am really curios
e. L am not satisfied with your service
2. Ayu : if you were to choose,would you take your future children to public school or would you homeschool them?
Adib : Even though homeschooling to some extent develop hight quality academic skills ,___
a. L would prefer my children to go to public school
b. L would rather homeschook my future chidren
c. l think l would rather teach them myself
d. l'will do my best to educate them at home
e. I believe that mother should be a primary source to learn
3. Anita : Dad ,___.l really need some fun after the exam.
Father : Well,okay.But promise me to go home before 11 sharp.
a. I propose to hang around
b. I promise to hang around
c. Give me some time to hang around
d. May l join my friend to hang around?
e. I am sorry
4. Recyling is a collection,processing,and reuse of materials that would otherwise be thorwn away. Materials ranging from precious metals to broken glass,from old newspapers to plastic spoons,can be recycled. The recycling process reclaims the original materials and uses it in a new products.
The following things can be recyled,EXCEPT.....
a. Precious metals
b. Broken glass
c. Old newspapers
d. Plastic spoons
e. Fresh vegetables and fruits
5. Daughter : l really want to figure out what it is like to work part time.____
father : lt's a good idea,but school should come first.
a. Could l ask you to give me a full time job?
b. I'd be very grateful if you'd work full time
c. Would you mind giving me a job,please?
d. I'd be very grateful if you'd allow we to work
e. Would you be so kind as to get me a part time job?
6. Teacher : Adib,it has been your second time you come late.
Adib : l am really sorry,Ma'am._____
a. I promise l will never come late to the class
b. You can keep my promise, Ma'am
c. I promise l didn't do it
d. I promise you to come later
e. Promise me you will come earlier
7. Virga : Adib,l'm sorry l can't come to your party
Adib: Come on, Virga!_____. The party is not going to be fun without you.
a. How can l persuade you to come?
b. What time will you come to my party?
c. I will not try to persuade you to come
d. I am sure you will come
e. How should l persuade someone to pick you up?
Questions 8-10 are based on the following text
Music and Lyrics Movie Review
Alex Fletcher (Hugh Grant) is a washed-up 80's pop star who's been reducted to working the nostalgia circuit at country fairs and amusement parks. The charismatic and talented musician get a chance at a comeback when reigning diva Cora Corman (Haley Bennett) invites him to writte and record a duet with her,but there's a problem-Alex hasn't written a song in years,he is never written lyrics,and he has to come up with a hit ina matter of days,enter Sophie Fisher(Drew Barrymore),Alex's attractively quirky lady,whose flair for wordstrike a chord with the struggling songwriter. On the rebound from a bad relationship,Sophie is reluctant to collaborate with anyone , especially commitment-phobe Alex. As their chemistry heats up at the piano and under it,Alex and Sophie will have to face their fears and the music-if they want to find the love and succes they both deserve.
8. What is the function of the review above?
a. To amuse the readers
b. To give information to the readers
c. To entertain the readers
d. To persuade the readers
e. To explain the readers
9. What does the review present?
a. The review's assesment
b. The review's speculation
c. The movie's prediction
d. The movie's rating
e. The movie's synopsis
10. What is the word"quirky"(line 7) closest in meaning to ?
a. Pretty
b. Good looking
c. Beautiful
d. Eye-catching
e. Odd
kunci:C A D E D A A B E E
Andy :yes.____.I bought this pair of shoes yesterday.L believe l have asked for size 43,but you gave me 42.
A. l want to blame you
b. l propose to exchange the shoes
c. l have a complaint to make
d. I am really curios
e. L am not satisfied with your service
2. Ayu : if you were to choose,would you take your future children to public school or would you homeschool them?
Adib : Even though homeschooling to some extent develop hight quality academic skills ,___
a. L would prefer my children to go to public school
b. L would rather homeschook my future chidren
c. l think l would rather teach them myself
d. l'will do my best to educate them at home
e. I believe that mother should be a primary source to learn
3. Anita : Dad ,___.l really need some fun after the exam.
Father : Well,okay.But promise me to go home before 11 sharp.
a. I propose to hang around
b. I promise to hang around
c. Give me some time to hang around
d. May l join my friend to hang around?
e. I am sorry
4. Recyling is a collection,processing,and reuse of materials that would otherwise be thorwn away. Materials ranging from precious metals to broken glass,from old newspapers to plastic spoons,can be recycled. The recycling process reclaims the original materials and uses it in a new products.
The following things can be recyled,EXCEPT.....
a. Precious metals
b. Broken glass
c. Old newspapers
d. Plastic spoons
e. Fresh vegetables and fruits
5. Daughter : l really want to figure out what it is like to work part time.____
father : lt's a good idea,but school should come first.
a. Could l ask you to give me a full time job?
b. I'd be very grateful if you'd work full time
c. Would you mind giving me a job,please?
d. I'd be very grateful if you'd allow we to work
e. Would you be so kind as to get me a part time job?
6. Teacher : Adib,it has been your second time you come late.
Adib : l am really sorry,Ma'am._____
a. I promise l will never come late to the class
b. You can keep my promise, Ma'am
c. I promise l didn't do it
d. I promise you to come later
e. Promise me you will come earlier
7. Virga : Adib,l'm sorry l can't come to your party
Adib: Come on, Virga!_____. The party is not going to be fun without you.
a. How can l persuade you to come?
b. What time will you come to my party?
c. I will not try to persuade you to come
d. I am sure you will come
e. How should l persuade someone to pick you up?
Questions 8-10 are based on the following text
Music and Lyrics Movie Review
Alex Fletcher (Hugh Grant) is a washed-up 80's pop star who's been reducted to working the nostalgia circuit at country fairs and amusement parks. The charismatic and talented musician get a chance at a comeback when reigning diva Cora Corman (Haley Bennett) invites him to writte and record a duet with her,but there's a problem-Alex hasn't written a song in years,he is never written lyrics,and he has to come up with a hit ina matter of days,enter Sophie Fisher(Drew Barrymore),Alex's attractively quirky lady,whose flair for wordstrike a chord with the struggling songwriter. On the rebound from a bad relationship,Sophie is reluctant to collaborate with anyone , especially commitment-phobe Alex. As their chemistry heats up at the piano and under it,Alex and Sophie will have to face their fears and the music-if they want to find the love and succes they both deserve.
8. What is the function of the review above?
a. To amuse the readers
b. To give information to the readers
c. To entertain the readers
d. To persuade the readers
e. To explain the readers
9. What does the review present?
a. The review's assesment
b. The review's speculation
c. The movie's prediction
d. The movie's rating
e. The movie's synopsis
10. What is the word"quirky"(line 7) closest in meaning to ?
a. Pretty
b. Good looking
c. Beautiful
d. Eye-catching
e. Odd
kunci:C A D E D A A B E E
Rabu, 12 Januari 2011
ETER
Senyawa Eter
Sejarah Eter
Eter adalah salah satu zat yang digunakan sebagai anestesi( obat bius). Eter ditemukan seorang ahli kimia berkebangsaan Spanyol, Raymundus Lullius pada tahun 1275.Lullius menamai eter "sweet vitriol".
Eter pertama kali disintesis oleh Valerius Cordus, ilmuwan dari Jerman pada tahun 1640. Kemudian seorang ilmuwan bernama W.G. Frobenius mengubah nama "sweet vitriol" menjadi eter pada tahun 1730.
Sebelum penemuan eter, Priestly menemukan gas nitrogen-oksida pada tahun 1777, dan berselang dua tahun dari temuannya itu, Davy menjelaskan kegunaan gas nitrogen-oksida dalam menghilangkan rasa sakit.
Sebelum tahun 1844, gas eter maupun nitrogen-oksida banyak digunakan untuk pesta mabuk-mabukan. Mereka menamai zat tersebut "gas tertawa", karena efek dari menghirup gas ini membuat orang tertawa dan lupa segalanya.
Penggunaan eter atau gas nitrogen-oksida sebagai penghilang sakit dalam dunia kedokteran sebenarnya sudah dimulai Horace Wells sejak tahun 1844. Sebagai dokter gigi, ia bereksperimen dengan nitrogen-oksida sebagai penghilang rasa sakit kepada pasien saat dicabut giginya. Sayangnya usaha mempertontonkan di depan mahasiswa kedokteran John C. Warren di Rumah Sakit Umum Massachusetts Boston gagal, bahkan mendapat cemoohan. Usahanya diteruskan William Thomas Green Morton.
Morton berpikir untuk menggunakan gas nitrogen-oksida dalam praktiknya sebagaimana yang dilakukan Wells. Kemudian ia meminta gas nitrogen-oksida kepada Charles Jackson, seorang ahli kimia ternama di sekolah kedokteran Harvard. Namun Jackson justru menyarankan eter sebagai pengganti gas nitrogen-oksida.
Morton menemukan efek bius eter lebih kuat dibanding gas nitrogen-oksida. Bahkan pada tahun 1846 Morton mendemonstrasikan penggunaan eter dalam pembedahan di rumah sakit umum Massachusetts. Saat pasien dokter Warren telah siap, Morton mengeluarkan gas eter (atau disebutnya gas letheon) yang telah dikemas dalam suatu kantong gas yang dipasang suatu alat seperti masker. Sesaat pasien yang mengidap tumor tersebut hilang kesadaran dan tertidur. Dokter Warren dengan sigap mengoperasi tumor dan mengeluarkannya dari leher pasien hingga operasi selesai tanpa hambatan berarti. Tanggal 16 Oktober 1846 menjadi hari bersejarah bagi dunia kedokteran. Demonstrasi Morton berhasil dengan baik dan memicu penggunaan eter sebagai anestesi secara besar-besaran.
Rumus Umum
Eter atau alkoksi alkana adalah golongan senyawa yang mempunyai dua gugus alkyl yang terikat pada satu atom oksigen. Dengan demikian eter mempunyai rumus umum :R–O–R1dimana R dan R1adalah gugus alkil, boleh sama boleh tidak
Contoh :
CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3
R = R1(eter homogen)
CH3–O–CH2–CH2–CH3
R-R1(eter majemuk)
Penamaan Eter
Ada dua cara penamaan senyawa-senyawa eter, yaitu :
1) Menurut IUPAC, eter diberi nama sesuai nama alkananya dengan awalan “ alkoksi “ dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut :
– rantai karbon terpendek yang mengikat gugus fungsi –O– ditetapkan sebagai gugus fungsi alkoksinya.
– rantai karbon yang lebih panjang diberi nama sesuai senyawa alkananya
2) Menurut aturan trivial, penamaan eter sebagai berikut : menyebutkan nama kedua
gugus alkil yang mengapit gugus –O– kemudian diberi akiran eter.
Rumus Struktur Eter Nama IUPAC Nama Trivial
CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3 Etoksi etana Dietil eter / etil etil eter
CH3–O–CH2–CH2–CH3 Metoksi propane Metil propil eter
CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH2–CH3 Etoksi propane Etil propil eter
Sifat-Sifat Eter
Berbeda dengan senyawa-senyawa alkohol, eter mempunyai sifat-sifat sebagai berikut :
1) Titik didih rendah sehingga mudah menguap
2) Sulit larut dalam air, karena kepolarannya rendah
3) Sebagai pelarut yang baik senyawa-senyawa organik yang tak larut dalam air
4) Mudah terbakar
5) Pada umumnya bersifat racun
6) Bersifat anastetik (membius)
7) Eter sukar bereaksi, kecuali dengan asam halida kuat (HI dan H Br)
Kegunaan Eter
Senyawa-senyawa eter yang umum digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari antara
lain :
.
1) Dietil eter (etoksi etana) biasanya digunakan sebagai pelarut senyawa-senyawa organik.
Selain itu dietil eter banyak digunakan sebagai zat arestesi (obat bius) di rumah sakit.
2) MTBE (Metil Tertier Butil Eter),Senyawa eter ini digunakan untuk menaikan angka oktan besin menggantikan kedudukan TEL / TML, sehingga diperoleh bensin yang ramah lingkungan. Sebab tidak menghasilkan debu timbal (Pb2+) seperti bila digunakan TEL / TML
BeberapaReaksi Eter
Eter adalah golongan senyawa organik yang memiliki rumus umum R-O-R'. Beberapa reaksi dari eter diantaranya adalah:
a. Pembakaran
Eter mudah terbakar membentuk gas karbon dioksida dan uap air.
Contoh:
b. Reaksi dengan Logam Aktif
Berbeda dengan alkohol, eter tidak bereaksi dengan logam natrium (logam aktif).
c. Reaksi dengan PCl5
Eter bereaksi dengan PCl5, tetapi tidak membebaskan HCl.
d. Reaksi dengan Hidrogen Halida (HX)
Eter terurai oleh asam halida, terutama oleh HI. Jika asam halida terbatas:
Jika asam halida berlebihan:
e. Membedakan Alkohol dengan Eter
Alkohol dan eter dapat dibedakan berdasarkan rekasinya dengan logam natrium dan fosforus pentaklorida.
• Alkohol bereaksi dengan logam natrium membebaskan hidrogen, sedangkan eter tidak bereaksi.
• Alkohol bereaksi dengan PCl5 menghasilkan gas HCl, sedangkan eter bereaksi tetapi tidak menghasilkan HCl.
Sejarah Eter
Eter adalah salah satu zat yang digunakan sebagai anestesi( obat bius). Eter ditemukan seorang ahli kimia berkebangsaan Spanyol, Raymundus Lullius pada tahun 1275.Lullius menamai eter "sweet vitriol".
Eter pertama kali disintesis oleh Valerius Cordus, ilmuwan dari Jerman pada tahun 1640. Kemudian seorang ilmuwan bernama W.G. Frobenius mengubah nama "sweet vitriol" menjadi eter pada tahun 1730.
Sebelum penemuan eter, Priestly menemukan gas nitrogen-oksida pada tahun 1777, dan berselang dua tahun dari temuannya itu, Davy menjelaskan kegunaan gas nitrogen-oksida dalam menghilangkan rasa sakit.
Sebelum tahun 1844, gas eter maupun nitrogen-oksida banyak digunakan untuk pesta mabuk-mabukan. Mereka menamai zat tersebut "gas tertawa", karena efek dari menghirup gas ini membuat orang tertawa dan lupa segalanya.
Penggunaan eter atau gas nitrogen-oksida sebagai penghilang sakit dalam dunia kedokteran sebenarnya sudah dimulai Horace Wells sejak tahun 1844. Sebagai dokter gigi, ia bereksperimen dengan nitrogen-oksida sebagai penghilang rasa sakit kepada pasien saat dicabut giginya. Sayangnya usaha mempertontonkan di depan mahasiswa kedokteran John C. Warren di Rumah Sakit Umum Massachusetts Boston gagal, bahkan mendapat cemoohan. Usahanya diteruskan William Thomas Green Morton.
Morton berpikir untuk menggunakan gas nitrogen-oksida dalam praktiknya sebagaimana yang dilakukan Wells. Kemudian ia meminta gas nitrogen-oksida kepada Charles Jackson, seorang ahli kimia ternama di sekolah kedokteran Harvard. Namun Jackson justru menyarankan eter sebagai pengganti gas nitrogen-oksida.
Morton menemukan efek bius eter lebih kuat dibanding gas nitrogen-oksida. Bahkan pada tahun 1846 Morton mendemonstrasikan penggunaan eter dalam pembedahan di rumah sakit umum Massachusetts. Saat pasien dokter Warren telah siap, Morton mengeluarkan gas eter (atau disebutnya gas letheon) yang telah dikemas dalam suatu kantong gas yang dipasang suatu alat seperti masker. Sesaat pasien yang mengidap tumor tersebut hilang kesadaran dan tertidur. Dokter Warren dengan sigap mengoperasi tumor dan mengeluarkannya dari leher pasien hingga operasi selesai tanpa hambatan berarti. Tanggal 16 Oktober 1846 menjadi hari bersejarah bagi dunia kedokteran. Demonstrasi Morton berhasil dengan baik dan memicu penggunaan eter sebagai anestesi secara besar-besaran.
Rumus Umum
Eter atau alkoksi alkana adalah golongan senyawa yang mempunyai dua gugus alkyl yang terikat pada satu atom oksigen. Dengan demikian eter mempunyai rumus umum :R–O–R1dimana R dan R1adalah gugus alkil, boleh sama boleh tidak
Contoh :
CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3
R = R1(eter homogen)
CH3–O–CH2–CH2–CH3
R-R1(eter majemuk)
Penamaan Eter
Ada dua cara penamaan senyawa-senyawa eter, yaitu :
1) Menurut IUPAC, eter diberi nama sesuai nama alkananya dengan awalan “ alkoksi “ dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut :
– rantai karbon terpendek yang mengikat gugus fungsi –O– ditetapkan sebagai gugus fungsi alkoksinya.
– rantai karbon yang lebih panjang diberi nama sesuai senyawa alkananya
2) Menurut aturan trivial, penamaan eter sebagai berikut : menyebutkan nama kedua
gugus alkil yang mengapit gugus –O– kemudian diberi akiran eter.
Rumus Struktur Eter Nama IUPAC Nama Trivial
CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3 Etoksi etana Dietil eter / etil etil eter
CH3–O–CH2–CH2–CH3 Metoksi propane Metil propil eter
CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH2–CH3 Etoksi propane Etil propil eter
Sifat-Sifat Eter
Berbeda dengan senyawa-senyawa alkohol, eter mempunyai sifat-sifat sebagai berikut :
1) Titik didih rendah sehingga mudah menguap
2) Sulit larut dalam air, karena kepolarannya rendah
3) Sebagai pelarut yang baik senyawa-senyawa organik yang tak larut dalam air
4) Mudah terbakar
5) Pada umumnya bersifat racun
6) Bersifat anastetik (membius)
7) Eter sukar bereaksi, kecuali dengan asam halida kuat (HI dan H Br)
Kegunaan Eter
Senyawa-senyawa eter yang umum digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari antara
lain :
.
1) Dietil eter (etoksi etana) biasanya digunakan sebagai pelarut senyawa-senyawa organik.
Selain itu dietil eter banyak digunakan sebagai zat arestesi (obat bius) di rumah sakit.
2) MTBE (Metil Tertier Butil Eter),Senyawa eter ini digunakan untuk menaikan angka oktan besin menggantikan kedudukan TEL / TML, sehingga diperoleh bensin yang ramah lingkungan. Sebab tidak menghasilkan debu timbal (Pb2+) seperti bila digunakan TEL / TML
BeberapaReaksi Eter
Eter adalah golongan senyawa organik yang memiliki rumus umum R-O-R'. Beberapa reaksi dari eter diantaranya adalah:
a. Pembakaran
Eter mudah terbakar membentuk gas karbon dioksida dan uap air.
Contoh:
b. Reaksi dengan Logam Aktif
Berbeda dengan alkohol, eter tidak bereaksi dengan logam natrium (logam aktif).
c. Reaksi dengan PCl5
Eter bereaksi dengan PCl5, tetapi tidak membebaskan HCl.
d. Reaksi dengan Hidrogen Halida (HX)
Eter terurai oleh asam halida, terutama oleh HI. Jika asam halida terbatas:
Jika asam halida berlebihan:
e. Membedakan Alkohol dengan Eter
Alkohol dan eter dapat dibedakan berdasarkan rekasinya dengan logam natrium dan fosforus pentaklorida.
• Alkohol bereaksi dengan logam natrium membebaskan hidrogen, sedangkan eter tidak bereaksi.
• Alkohol bereaksi dengan PCl5 menghasilkan gas HCl, sedangkan eter bereaksi tetapi tidak menghasilkan HCl.
ETER
Senyawa Eter
Sejarah Eter
Eter adalah salah satu zat yang digunakan sebagai anestesi( obat bius). Eter ditemukan seorang ahli kimia berkebangsaan Spanyol, Raymundus Lullius pada tahun 1275.Lullius menamai eter "sweet vitriol".
Eter pertama kali disintesis oleh Valerius Cordus, ilmuwan dari Jerman pada tahun 1640. Kemudian seorang ilmuwan bernama W.G. Frobenius mengubah nama "sweet vitriol" menjadi eter pada tahun 1730.
Sebelum penemuan eter, Priestly menemukan gas nitrogen-oksida pada tahun 1777, dan berselang dua tahun dari temuannya itu, Davy menjelaskan kegunaan gas nitrogen-oksida dalam menghilangkan rasa sakit.
Sebelum tahun 1844, gas eter maupun nitrogen-oksida banyak digunakan untuk pesta mabuk-mabukan. Mereka menamai zat tersebut "gas tertawa", karena efek dari menghirup gas ini membuat orang tertawa dan lupa segalanya.
Penggunaan eter atau gas nitrogen-oksida sebagai penghilang sakit dalam dunia kedokteran sebenarnya sudah dimulai Horace Wells sejak tahun 1844. Sebagai dokter gigi, ia bereksperimen dengan nitrogen-oksida sebagai penghilang rasa sakit kepada pasien saat dicabut giginya. Sayangnya usaha mempertontonkan di depan mahasiswa kedokteran John C. Warren di Rumah Sakit Umum Massachusetts Boston gagal, bahkan mendapat cemoohan. Usahanya diteruskan William Thomas Green Morton.
Morton berpikir untuk menggunakan gas nitrogen-oksida dalam praktiknya sebagaimana yang dilakukan Wells. Kemudian ia meminta gas nitrogen-oksida kepada Charles Jackson, seorang ahli kimia ternama di sekolah kedokteran Harvard. Namun Jackson justru menyarankan eter sebagai pengganti gas nitrogen-oksida.
Morton menemukan efek bius eter lebih kuat dibanding gas nitrogen-oksida. Bahkan pada tahun 1846 Morton mendemonstrasikan penggunaan eter dalam pembedahan di rumah sakit umum Massachusetts. Saat pasien dokter Warren telah siap, Morton mengeluarkan gas eter (atau disebutnya gas letheon) yang telah dikemas dalam suatu kantong gas yang dipasang suatu alat seperti masker. Sesaat pasien yang mengidap tumor tersebut hilang kesadaran dan tertidur. Dokter Warren dengan sigap mengoperasi tumor dan mengeluarkannya dari leher pasien hingga operasi selesai tanpa hambatan berarti. Tanggal 16 Oktober 1846 menjadi hari bersejarah bagi dunia kedokteran. Demonstrasi Morton berhasil dengan baik dan memicu penggunaan eter sebagai anestesi secara besar-besaran.
Rumus Umum
Eter atau alkoksi alkana adalah golongan senyawa yang mempunyai dua gugus alkyl yang terikat pada satu atom oksigen. Dengan demikian eter mempunyai rumus umum :R–O–R1dimana R dan R1adalah gugus alkil, boleh sama boleh tidak
Contoh :
CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3
R = R1(eter homogen)
CH3–O–CH2–CH2–CH3
R-R1(eter majemuk)
Penamaan Eter
Ada dua cara penamaan senyawa-senyawa eter, yaitu :
1) Menurut IUPAC, eter diberi nama sesuai nama alkananya dengan awalan “ alkoksi “ dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut :
– rantai karbon terpendek yang mengikat gugus fungsi –O– ditetapkan sebagai gugus fungsi alkoksinya.
– rantai karbon yang lebih panjang diberi nama sesuai senyawa alkananya
2) Menurut aturan trivial, penamaan eter sebagai berikut : menyebutkan nama kedua
gugus alkil yang mengapit gugus –O– kemudian diberi akiran eter.
Rumus Struktur Eter Nama IUPAC Nama Trivial
CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3 Etoksi etana Dietil eter / etil etil eter
CH3–O–CH2–CH2–CH3 Metoksi propane Metil propil eter
CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH2–CH3 Etoksi propane Etil propil eter
Sifat-Sifat Eter
Berbeda dengan senyawa-senyawa alkohol, eter mempunyai sifat-sifat sebagai berikut :
1) Titik didih rendah sehingga mudah menguap
2) Sulit larut dalam air, karena kepolarannya rendah
3) Sebagai pelarut yang baik senyawa-senyawa organik yang tak larut dalam air
4) Mudah terbakar
5) Pada umumnya bersifat racun
6) Bersifat anastetik (membius)
7) Eter sukar bereaksi, kecuali dengan asam halida kuat (HI dan H Br)
Kegunaan Eter
Senyawa-senyawa eter yang umum digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari antara
lain :
.
1) Dietil eter (etoksi etana) biasanya digunakan sebagai pelarut senyawa-senyawa organik.
Selain itu dietil eter banyak digunakan sebagai zat arestesi (obat bius) di rumah sakit.
2) MTBE (Metil Tertier Butil Eter),Senyawa eter ini digunakan untuk menaikan angka oktan besin menggantikan kedudukan TEL / TML, sehingga diperoleh bensin yang ramah lingkungan. Sebab tidak menghasilkan debu timbal (Pb2+) seperti bila digunakan TEL / TML
BeberapaReaksi Eter
Eter adalah golongan senyawa organik yang memiliki rumus umum R-O-R'. Beberapa reaksi dari eter diantaranya adalah:
a. Pembakaran
Eter mudah terbakar membentuk gas karbon dioksida dan uap air.
Contoh:
b. Reaksi dengan Logam Aktif
Berbeda dengan alkohol, eter tidak bereaksi dengan logam natrium (logam aktif).
c. Reaksi dengan PCl5
Eter bereaksi dengan PCl5, tetapi tidak membebaskan HCl.
d. Reaksi dengan Hidrogen Halida (HX)
Eter terurai oleh asam halida, terutama oleh HI. Jika asam halida terbatas:
Jika asam halida berlebihan:
e. Membedakan Alkohol dengan Eter
Alkohol dan eter dapat dibedakan berdasarkan rekasinya dengan logam natrium dan fosforus pentaklorida.
• Alkohol bereaksi dengan logam natrium membebaskan hidrogen, sedangkan eter tidak bereaksi.
• Alkohol bereaksi dengan PCl5 menghasilkan gas HCl, sedangkan eter bereaksi tetapi tidak menghasilkan HCl.
Sejarah Eter
Eter adalah salah satu zat yang digunakan sebagai anestesi( obat bius). Eter ditemukan seorang ahli kimia berkebangsaan Spanyol, Raymundus Lullius pada tahun 1275.Lullius menamai eter "sweet vitriol".
Eter pertama kali disintesis oleh Valerius Cordus, ilmuwan dari Jerman pada tahun 1640. Kemudian seorang ilmuwan bernama W.G. Frobenius mengubah nama "sweet vitriol" menjadi eter pada tahun 1730.
Sebelum penemuan eter, Priestly menemukan gas nitrogen-oksida pada tahun 1777, dan berselang dua tahun dari temuannya itu, Davy menjelaskan kegunaan gas nitrogen-oksida dalam menghilangkan rasa sakit.
Sebelum tahun 1844, gas eter maupun nitrogen-oksida banyak digunakan untuk pesta mabuk-mabukan. Mereka menamai zat tersebut "gas tertawa", karena efek dari menghirup gas ini membuat orang tertawa dan lupa segalanya.
Penggunaan eter atau gas nitrogen-oksida sebagai penghilang sakit dalam dunia kedokteran sebenarnya sudah dimulai Horace Wells sejak tahun 1844. Sebagai dokter gigi, ia bereksperimen dengan nitrogen-oksida sebagai penghilang rasa sakit kepada pasien saat dicabut giginya. Sayangnya usaha mempertontonkan di depan mahasiswa kedokteran John C. Warren di Rumah Sakit Umum Massachusetts Boston gagal, bahkan mendapat cemoohan. Usahanya diteruskan William Thomas Green Morton.
Morton berpikir untuk menggunakan gas nitrogen-oksida dalam praktiknya sebagaimana yang dilakukan Wells. Kemudian ia meminta gas nitrogen-oksida kepada Charles Jackson, seorang ahli kimia ternama di sekolah kedokteran Harvard. Namun Jackson justru menyarankan eter sebagai pengganti gas nitrogen-oksida.
Morton menemukan efek bius eter lebih kuat dibanding gas nitrogen-oksida. Bahkan pada tahun 1846 Morton mendemonstrasikan penggunaan eter dalam pembedahan di rumah sakit umum Massachusetts. Saat pasien dokter Warren telah siap, Morton mengeluarkan gas eter (atau disebutnya gas letheon) yang telah dikemas dalam suatu kantong gas yang dipasang suatu alat seperti masker. Sesaat pasien yang mengidap tumor tersebut hilang kesadaran dan tertidur. Dokter Warren dengan sigap mengoperasi tumor dan mengeluarkannya dari leher pasien hingga operasi selesai tanpa hambatan berarti. Tanggal 16 Oktober 1846 menjadi hari bersejarah bagi dunia kedokteran. Demonstrasi Morton berhasil dengan baik dan memicu penggunaan eter sebagai anestesi secara besar-besaran.
Rumus Umum
Eter atau alkoksi alkana adalah golongan senyawa yang mempunyai dua gugus alkyl yang terikat pada satu atom oksigen. Dengan demikian eter mempunyai rumus umum :R–O–R1dimana R dan R1adalah gugus alkil, boleh sama boleh tidak
Contoh :
CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3
R = R1(eter homogen)
CH3–O–CH2–CH2–CH3
R-R1(eter majemuk)
Penamaan Eter
Ada dua cara penamaan senyawa-senyawa eter, yaitu :
1) Menurut IUPAC, eter diberi nama sesuai nama alkananya dengan awalan “ alkoksi “ dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut :
– rantai karbon terpendek yang mengikat gugus fungsi –O– ditetapkan sebagai gugus fungsi alkoksinya.
– rantai karbon yang lebih panjang diberi nama sesuai senyawa alkananya
2) Menurut aturan trivial, penamaan eter sebagai berikut : menyebutkan nama kedua
gugus alkil yang mengapit gugus –O– kemudian diberi akiran eter.
Rumus Struktur Eter Nama IUPAC Nama Trivial
CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3 Etoksi etana Dietil eter / etil etil eter
CH3–O–CH2–CH2–CH3 Metoksi propane Metil propil eter
CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH2–CH3 Etoksi propane Etil propil eter
Sifat-Sifat Eter
Berbeda dengan senyawa-senyawa alkohol, eter mempunyai sifat-sifat sebagai berikut :
1) Titik didih rendah sehingga mudah menguap
2) Sulit larut dalam air, karena kepolarannya rendah
3) Sebagai pelarut yang baik senyawa-senyawa organik yang tak larut dalam air
4) Mudah terbakar
5) Pada umumnya bersifat racun
6) Bersifat anastetik (membius)
7) Eter sukar bereaksi, kecuali dengan asam halida kuat (HI dan H Br)
Kegunaan Eter
Senyawa-senyawa eter yang umum digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari antara
lain :
.
1) Dietil eter (etoksi etana) biasanya digunakan sebagai pelarut senyawa-senyawa organik.
Selain itu dietil eter banyak digunakan sebagai zat arestesi (obat bius) di rumah sakit.
2) MTBE (Metil Tertier Butil Eter),Senyawa eter ini digunakan untuk menaikan angka oktan besin menggantikan kedudukan TEL / TML, sehingga diperoleh bensin yang ramah lingkungan. Sebab tidak menghasilkan debu timbal (Pb2+) seperti bila digunakan TEL / TML
BeberapaReaksi Eter
Eter adalah golongan senyawa organik yang memiliki rumus umum R-O-R'. Beberapa reaksi dari eter diantaranya adalah:
a. Pembakaran
Eter mudah terbakar membentuk gas karbon dioksida dan uap air.
Contoh:
b. Reaksi dengan Logam Aktif
Berbeda dengan alkohol, eter tidak bereaksi dengan logam natrium (logam aktif).
c. Reaksi dengan PCl5
Eter bereaksi dengan PCl5, tetapi tidak membebaskan HCl.
d. Reaksi dengan Hidrogen Halida (HX)
Eter terurai oleh asam halida, terutama oleh HI. Jika asam halida terbatas:
Jika asam halida berlebihan:
e. Membedakan Alkohol dengan Eter
Alkohol dan eter dapat dibedakan berdasarkan rekasinya dengan logam natrium dan fosforus pentaklorida.
• Alkohol bereaksi dengan logam natrium membebaskan hidrogen, sedangkan eter tidak bereaksi.
• Alkohol bereaksi dengan PCl5 menghasilkan gas HCl, sedangkan eter bereaksi tetapi tidak menghasilkan HCl.
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